Autonomía digital y tecnológica

Código e ideas para una internet distribuida

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Britain’s Gas Crisis, Explained

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The shortages have drawn comparisons to the global energy crises of the 1970s, when an OPEC oil embargo led to widespread shortages. But unlike then, the current shortage is not one of fuel but of trained drivers to deliver it.

Truck drivers tend to be older, and they are retiring. At the same time, driver trainees are facing delays in getting licensed because of the pandemic. Transport companies have reported raising wages for truck drivers by 25 percent or more this year to retain them.

Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union has made labor shortages worse, but it’s not the sole cause. The Road Haulage Association, a trade association of road transport operators, estimates that Britain is facing a shortfall of 100,000 drivers. About 20 percent of those are drivers who left Britain after it voted to leave the European Union.

“As soon as a tanker arrives at a filling station, people on social media are advising that a tanker has arrived, and then it’s like bees to a honey pot. Everyone flocks there,” Mr. Madderson said. “Within a few hours it is out again.”

OSM on Paper

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OpenStreetMap offers many possibilities for creating high resolution paper maps. Unlike commercial map services such as Mapquest and Google Maps, there are only a few restrictions on what you can do with OSM images.

Python map-stylizer

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GUI written in Python to parse OSM (OpenStreetMap) files and render them onscreen. Layers may be toggled on/off and drawing may be customized.

This program allows a user to render OSM files within the GUI. The GUI enables the user to easily modify which layers are visible and the style of these layers.

The program exports maps as images.

How to Create Custom Stylized Maps Using OpenStreetMap

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a process by which you can generate your own custom-made stylized maps. A stylized map is a map where the user can specify which data layers are visualized, as well as define the style with which each layer is visualized. I will first describe the process through which you can write software to stylize maps, followed by an example of the Python software I wrote to perform this task.

Downloading data from OpenStreetMap

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Choose your region

The region is specified by a bounding box, which consists of a minimum and maximum latitude and longitude. Choose as small a region as will be useful to you, since larger regions will result in larger data files, longer download times, and heavier load on the server. The server may reject your region if it is larger than 1/4 degree in either dimension. When you’re first starting out, choose a very small region so that you can figure things out quickly with small data sets.

There are several ways of finding latitude and longitude values. Since we are interested in a bounding box, perhaps the clearest way is to use the bounding box selection features of the ‘export data’ link. On the homepage map pan and zoom to roughly the right area, and then click the ‘export data’ (link on the left). This sidebar display includes the four values you need for a bounding box matching the extents of the viewport. Click ‘Manually select a different area’ and then drag a box to select exactly the region you want.

Construct a URL for the HTTP API

You must now construct an API request URL as specified in the map request docs. In the URL, a bounding box is expressed as four comma-separated numbers, in this order: left, bottom, right, top (min long, min lat, max long, max lat). Latitude and longitude are expressed in decimal degrees. North latitude is positive, south latitude is negative. West longitude is negative, east longitude is positive. The method described in the previous section will give you suitable values.

Example:

https://api.openstreetmap.org/api/0.6/map?bbox=11.54,48.14,11.543,48.145

The API is limited to bounding boxes of about 0.5 degree by 0.5 degree and you should avoid using it if possible. For larger areas you might try to use XAPI, for example:

http://overpass.openstreetmap.ru/cgi/xapi_meta?*[bbox=11.5,48.1,11.6,48.2]

Refer to the XAPI page for details of other servers available.

Download the data

You can just type this URL into a browser if you want, but that may not work as well as you’d hope, especially if the data is large. If you know how to use them, command-line tools like wget and curl will do a better job.

If you’ve specified a region with a lot of data, you may have to wait a while before the HTTP response begins (the server is crunching your request). If your client times out, try setting options for a longer timeout, or choose a smaller region.

Here’s an example command line for wget:

wget -O muenchen.osm "https://api.openstreetmap.org/api/0.6/map?bbox=11.54,48.14,11.543,48.145"

Why Is Everyone Talking to Ibai Llanos?

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Everything changed with the pandemic. As Spain went into lockdown, its population cloistered at home, Llanos saw his viewership figures explode: His Twitch channel currently commands 7.8 million followers, making him one of the 10 most followed creators on the platform. His YouTube account attracts a similar audience.

The players’ motivation is perhaps a little more calculating than that. “Twitch is the Generation Z platform,” said Julian Aquilina, a broadcasting specialist at the media research firm Enders Analysis. “It skews very young, and quite male. It is quite a different audience to traditional broadcasters.” Llanos offers a precious route into that audience: His interview with Dybala, for example, attracted more than 100,000 live, largely teenage viewers.

It is an approach, Aquilina said, that may become more common. “Twitch is becoming a broadcaster,” he said. “Amazon has done that with some N.F.L. games, putting them on Twitch as well as Prime. If you have the rights to something, you want it distributed across platforms: You can sell the broadcast rights but still have an online presence.”

“Ciudad y Conflicto” Video entrevista a Manuel Delgado

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A la pregunta sobre cuál es la relación entre ciudadanía y ciudad, nos plantea que la ciudadanía es “un cuento chino”, que es ideología pura, y que hoy al hablar de ciudadanía se excluye a un porcentaje de habitantes en la ciudad y que, además, se basa en la falsa premisa de que las personas son libres e iguales.

Para Manuel Delgado no es posible imaginar una ciudad sin conflictos, porque la vida es conflicto y que hoy, para lo urbano como forma de vida, el principal enemigo es la mayoría del urbanismo y la arquitectura, que han servido para convertir la ciudad en el lugar de la usurpación y el apoderamiento para fines económicos y politicos.

Tascha’s Destroyed Diamond

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The World’s 1st Destroyed Diamond NFT.

So I went and bought a real diamond for $5k—> destroyed it—> minted a NFT for the diamond. I wanted to see how much value the NFT retains.

Digital assets replacing physical ones is an inevitable trend of this century. You cannot afford to not understand it.

La vivienda del futuro. Una mirada contemporánea

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Hablar de vivienda colectiva es hablar de vida en común, y por consiguiente, del conflicto como herramienta que nos construye socialmente. Asumir dicho conflicto como parte natural del espacio intermedio que surge entre dos o más partes.

Gran parte de la arquitectura residencial de los últimos años ha optado por negar ese espacio de conflicto. Sin embargo, y como hemos visto, pueden existir formas de asumirlo y trabajarlo. La vivienda del futuro será así la que se materialice como discusión permanente. Recomponer ese binomio (vida-trabajo) establecido por la ciudad industrial y renunciar al imaginario de vivienda dormitorio en favor de una nueva idea de espacio compartido en el que vivir, trabajar, disfrutar y cuidar acompañados.

Belén Gopegui: «Hay que tener una situación de no explotación doméstica para poder escribir»

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es curioso que el trabajo de las editoriales, por ejemplo, e imagino que también de productoras de cine y de música, se basa en el hecho de que existan miles de personas dispuestas a trabajar a cambio de nada durante un tiempo –en manuscritos de novelas y guiones, por ejemplo– para después ofrecer algo que tal vez la empresa no quiera. Esto no sería imaginable en otros ámbitos, nadie se pondría a hacer quinientos pares de zapatos si no fuera porque ya le están pagando el tiempo necesario para hacerlos. Pero como en la cultura se trabaja con el ego, con lo especial, con lo «artístico», parece que en sí mismo debería ser recompensa suficiente. En cambio, hay muchas personas con historias que contar que sencillamente no tienen tiempo material para dedicarlo a pasarse dos años haciendo algo que quizá nadie quiera o que, incluso si alguien lo quisiera, lo que le paguen no cubra en absoluto los gastos ni el tiempo dedicado.

Así se establece un sesgo en la cultura: hay que tener tiempo, o un colchón patrimonial familiar, o una situación de no explotación doméstica, o un salario elevado para poder escribir. Si hubiera un interés estatal en que se escuchen distintas voces, se instaurarían procedimientos para que así fuera, pero apenas se hace. En todo caso, sí creo que el capital simbólico es más capital que simbólico, y que la realidad virtual es más realidad que virtual.

…concebir la importancia de los servicios públicos es sencillo, lo difícil es vencer la fuerza que se opone a la pérdida de la máxima rentabilidad.

gran parte de la novela podría datarse en el sentido de contar de dónde viene, con qué sombras estaba boxeando, de quiénes vienen pequeños relatos, reflexiones, alusiones, la información, los caminos para llegar a una idea, en qué conversación, artículo, tuit o mail o lectura o charla surgió una línea de diálogo; tal vez un día si logro tener tiempo haga esa suerte de base de datos, porque sería un modo de demostrar que la idea del inmunólogo Agustín Lage de que las colectividades hacen ciencia a través de los individuos también se da en la literatura y que no es solo algo abstracto ni tampoco significa que no exista el trabajo de una autora o autor, sino que ese trabajo se suma a otros muchísimos.

xdg and autostart in Linux X server regardless the desktop environment

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There two main paths to look for entries to autostart:

/etc/xdg/autostart – called system-wide and most of the application will place files when they are installed.
[user’s home]/.config/autostart – user’s applications to start when the user logs in .

There is a security problem here, which is sometimes installing a package will place an autostart file there because the maintainer decided it is important but the package might be just a dependency and the next time the user logs in unwanted program might execute and open ports!

Architecture after Architecture.Spatial Practice in the Face of the Climate Emergency

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What happens to architecture after the climate emergency undoes its foundational assumptions of growth, extraction, and progress?

Living with the climate emergency demands systemic change across economic, behavioural, and social structures, with profound implications for approaches to the built environment and spatial production. Architecture after Architecture examines how spatial practices might respond to such challenges, going beyond technical fixes, by addressing the cultural and socioeconomic factors that influence how we make, occupy, and share space.

LightDM. The defaults as created by slick-greeter

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[Greeter]
#activate-numlock=false
#background=»
#background-color=’#000000′
#draw-grid=false
#draw-user-backgrounds=true
#enable-hidpi=auto
#font-name=’Ubuntu 11′
#group-filter=[]
#hidden-users=[]
#high-contrast=false
#icon-theme-name=’gnome’
#logo=»
#onscreen-keyboard=false
#other-monitors-logo=»
#play-ready-sound=»
-reader=false
#show-a11y=true
#show-clock=true
#show-hostname=true
#show-keyboard=true
#show-power=true
#show-quit=true
-name=’Adwaita’
#xft-antialias=true
#xft-dpi=96.0
#xft-hintstyle=hintslight
#xft-rgba=rgb

Home computing pioneer Sir Clive Sinclair dies aged 81

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His first home computer, the ZX80, named after the year it appeared, revolutionised the market, although it was a far cry from today’s models. At £79.95 in kit form and £99.95 assembled, it was about one-fifth of the price of other home computers at the time. It sold 50,000, units while its successor, the ZX81, which replaced it, cost £69.95 and sold 250,000. Many games industry veterans got their start typing programs into its touch-based keyboard and became hooked on games such as as 3D Monster Maze and Mazogs. The ZX80 and ZX81 made him very rich: in 2010 Sinclair told the Guardian: “Within two or three years, we made £14m profit in a year.”

In 1982, he released the ZX Spectrum 48K. Its rubber keys, strange clashing visuals and tinny sound did not prevent it being pivotal in the development of the British games industry.

But it flopped, and Sinclair Vehicles found itself in receivership by October of the same year. Reviews expressed concerns about the safety of driving a vehicle below the sight line of other motorists, as well as exposure to the elements. The following year, Sinclair sold his computer business to Amstrad.

The Limits of My Empathy for Covid-Deniers

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That sense of community requires a lot of humility, precisely the thing I am afraid that the onslaught of Covid denial stories is robbing me of by undermining my empathy for others. Martha helped me with perspective. This is not a problem of individual moral certainty or persuasion. This is a social problem with big structural issues. That does not absolve me of my responsibility for seeing the humanity in people I vehemently disagree with, but it does make me feel less guilty about being unable to save them.

I still do not understand how we can be in community with people who, by withdrawing from their social responsibility, are actively harming others. But, I do not think I have to understand it. I don’t think that I even have to be in community with Covid deniers. I have to somehow be in community with the people who are behaving in socially responsible ways without demonizing those who are not. Demonizing them turns my community into a reactionary force, which is precisely how the vaccines and masks became weaponized to begin with. It is a classic case of not becoming what you despise by losing focus on what you value.

Introduction to OpenBIM, Native IFC, and Open Source AEC | by Dion Moult

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Go , go #OpenSource. Watch this video and see how data actually works!

This introduction to Native IFC covers all the basic concepts, code, libraries, and tools to get started building your own Open Source AEC tools.OSArch:

OpenBIM

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OpenBIM is the practice of BIM in a vendor-agnostic manner. For BIM to be vendor-agnostic, BIM data must be defined using an open data standard, and BIM practices should follow standardised workflows. An example of OpenBIM involves sharing BIM data using IFC and DXF file formats. An example of closed, or proprietary BIM, is sharing BIM data using RVT and DWG file formats.

Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)

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IFC (Industry Foundation Classes), is an Open Data schema and set of formats used to store OpenBIM data. It is developed and maintained by BuildingSMART International. IFC data can digitally describe many concepts, including:

Physical objects in our built environment (walls, slabs, columns, pipes)
2D and 3D geometry that represents objects or annotate objects
A diverse set of properties and attributes spanning many domains
Materials attributes and display colours
Construction planning, resource allocation, and scheduling
Quantification of elements
Roles and responsibilities of organisations and individuals
Design strategies and legal constraints
Analytical models for structural analysis, energy analysis, and light analysis

Negacionistas… hasta la muerte

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Fouce detalla las claves que apuntalan el negacionismo: «Simplifican la realidad, dan un marco de seguridad que hoy no tenemos, te hacen sentir parte de un colectivo y apelan a la libertad».

«Son gente perdida. No vas a convencer a un negacionista, porque salvo honrosas excepciones se mantienen en sus trece», concluye José Antonio Forcada. «Aunque no suele ser habitual, el motociclista Jorge Lis se dio cuenta de lo que era la realidad, pero llegó tarde».

What Is Aptio Setup Utility? How to Fix If Asus Stuck in It? [MiniTool Tips]

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To get rid of the setup utility, you need to follow these instructions below:

Step 1: Boot your Asus computer and wait for it to the Aptio Setup Utility window.

Step 2: Go to Security, expand the Secure Boot Control menu and ensure the secure boot option is disabled.

Step 3: Save and exit the tab, then restart your PC and wait for it to load Aptio Utility settings once again.

Step 4: Navigate to the Boot tab, disable these two options – Secure Boot and Fast Boot.

Step 5: Besides, enable CSM (Compatible Support Module).

Step 6: Save the change and restart the Asus computer. It should boot to the Windows operating system instead of Aptio Setup Utility.

Xsession

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System-wide configuration of the Debian X session consists mainly of options inside the /etc/X11/Xsession.options file, and scripts inside the /etc/X11/Xsession.d directory. These scripts are all dotted in by a single /bin/sh shell, in the order determined by sorting their names. Administrators may edit the scripts, though caution is advised if you are not comfortable with shell programming.

« Les tiers-lieux sont le visage de la France post-Covid »

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Selon moi, les tiers-lieux sont le visage de la France de l’après-Covid. A côté des grandes ETI, il y a cette économie territoriale qui renaît dans l’hyperproximité. Cela émergeait déjà auparavant : la transition numérique, écologique, la profonde remise en question de notre rapport au travail n’ont pas attendu la pandémie pour émerger comme une priorité, mais ces lieux apparaissent désormais de plus en plus comme le précipité de ces transitions…

Selon nos estimations, le territoire français comptera a minima environ 3500 tiers lieux en 2022, contre 1800 en 2018. Et je pense que l’exode des urbains qu’on observe déjà va renforcer cette dynamique. Ce qui est évident, c’est que les nouvelles générations bouleversent déjà le rapport au travail, elles réclament un meilleur équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie perso…

«Tiers lieux» : Jean Castex encense la valeur trouvaille

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Espaces de coworking pour allergiques au travail en solitaire, fabriques numériques, friches culturelles, mais aussi ateliers, cuisines ou jardins partagés… Encore méconnus du grand public, les «tiers lieux» ne pèsent pas bien lourd sur le papier : en 2021, on en comptait 2 500 en France et 150 000 personnes y travaillaient comme indépendants ou salariés de microentreprises pour un chiffre d’affaires cumulé d’environ 250 millions d’euros. Mais dans les métropoles comme dans des communes plus modestes, sur le terrain associatif et entrepreneurial, ces laboratoires de l’innovation laborieuse, technologique et sociale s’épanouissent «comme 100 fleurs», à en croire Patrick Levy-Waitz qui en paraphraserait presque Mao. Le président de l’association France tiers lieux et de la Fondation travailler autrement doit remettre ce vendredi à Jean Castex un rapport intitulé «Tiers lieux, nos territoires en action».

Concours «Mon Beau Village» : découvrez les candidats de l’Ariège dans la catégorie Innovation

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Ce n’est pas tous les jours que l’on voit un nouveau fablab pousser dans le département de l’Ariège. Or il en existe un peu partout, c’est une certitude. Cependant, celui-ci permet d’apporter encore plus de dynamisme au sein de ce village du Haut-Couserans. Oust se retrouve ainsi propulsé à la pointe de l’innovation 3D. Ce qui est un plus indéniable pour ce territoire de moyenne montagne situé au cœur du Parc Naturel Régional des Pyrénées Ariégeoises.
A priori, on pourrait croire que les impressions 3D sont abstraites. Mais en réalité, elles aident un bon nombre de d’entrepreneurs, artisans et artistes. Plusieurs projets sont menés par le fablab d’Oust, et d’autres prendront assurément corps.

Passe sanitaire : quelle surveillance redouter ?

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Le passe sanitaire est la traduction d’évolutions techniques qui pourraient supprimer ces anciennes limites et permettre à cette forme de répression de s’appliquer à l’ensemble de la population, pour une très large diversité de lieux et d’activités.

Elle permet notamment de confier à des dizaines de milliers de personnes non-formées et non-payées par l’État (mais simplement munies d’un smartphone) la mission de contrôler l’ensemble de la population à l’entrée d’innombrables lieux publics, et ce, à un coût extrêmement faible pour l’État puisque l’essentiel de l’infrastructure (les téléphones) a déjà été financée de manière privée par les personnes chargées du contrôle.

Désormais, et soudainement, l’État a les moyens matériels pour réguler l’espace public dans des proportions presque totales.

Ce parallèle nous permet d’apporter une précision importante : qu’il s’agisse du passe sanitaire ou de la détection automatique des comportements « anormaux », ces systèmes ne nécessitent pas forcément un contrôle d’identité. Le logiciel d’imagerie qui signale votre comportement « anormal » se moque bien de connaître votre nom. De même, en théorie, le passe sanitaire aussi pourrait fonctionner sans contenir votre nom – c’est d’ailleurs ce que prévoyait la loi initiale sur la sortie de crise ou, plus inquiétant, ce que proposent désormais certaines entreprises en se fondant non plus sur le nom mais le visage. Dans ces situations, tout ce qui compte pour l’État est de diriger nos corps dans l’espace afin de renvoyer aux marges celles et ceux qui – peu importe leurs noms – ne se conforment pas à ses exigences.

Même dans son format le plus sophistiqué, l’efficacité du passe sur le plan sanitaire resterait toujours à démontrer – il demeure de nombreuses incertitudes, que ce soit sur la valeur des tests au bout de 72 heures, sur le taux de transmission même une fois vacciné, sur le cas des nouveaux variants, sur l’efficacité de la contrainte pour inciter la population à se faire vacciner, ou sur la durée de validité à retenir pour les tests de dépistage.

Droidian

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Droidian is a GNU/Linux distribution based on top of Mobian, a Debian-based distribution for mobile devices. The goal of Droidian is to be able to run Mobian on Android phones.

This is accomplished by using well-known technologies such as libhybris and Halium.

Note that this is a downstream Mobian derivative, please report bugs and support requests at us, see below for contact details.

Ricing your system

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This is a book about understanding the parts of your system, and customize them as you please.

You won’t find anything related to GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) in here. That’s primarily because GUIs aren’t standardized or «equal» on all unix machines. However, terminals are and for this fair reason I’m only going to treat CLIs (Command Line Interface) and TUI (Terminal User Interface.)

Rice burner

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Rice burner is a pejorative term originally applied to Japanese motorcycles and which later expanded to include Japanese cars or any East Asian-made vehicles. Variations include rice rocket, referring most often to Japanese superbikes, rice machine, rice grinder or simply ricer.

The term is often defined as offensive or racist stereotyping. In some cases, users of the term assert that it is not offensive or racist, or else treat the term as a humorous, mild insult rather than a racial slur.

Rice. r/unixporn dictionary

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«Rice» is a word that is commonly used to refer to making visual improvements and customizations on one’s desktop. It was inherited from the practice of customizing cheap Asian import cars to make them appear to be faster than they actually were – which was also known as «ricing». Here on /r/unixporn , the word is accepted by the majority of the community and is used sparingly to refer to a visually attractive desktop upgraded beyond the default.

Apophenia. How the Internet Transforms the Individual into a Conspiracy of One

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The German psychologist Klaus Conrad called this premonitory state apophenia, defined as perceiving patterns that don’t actually exist and referring them back to an unseen authority who must be pulling the strings. It’s a theory he developed as an army medical officer specializing in head traumas under the Third Reich. Today, it’s analogized to political conspiracy thinking.

Conrad became famous for recognizing this oppressive emergence of patterns as a pre-psychotic state that he compared to stage-fright. It culminates in a false epiphany: an apophany is not a flash of insight into the true nature of reality but an aha experience (literally: Aha-Erlebnis) that constitutes the birth of delusion.

In an apophenic state, everything’s a pattern. And while Conrad’s stage-model uses the analogy of starring in your own one-man show, the narcissism of living online today provides plenty more. On Instagram you can filter your face, filter out unwanted followers, construct an image that you and your peers want to believe in—you’re living a private illusion, in public, that the world reifies with likes. For-profit data collection has literally “reorganized” the world to revolve around you. As you wish it—or they will it.

The true epiphany, I want to argue, is that you’re the one pulling the strings. Enlightenment is to realize you have more agency than your push-notifications would have you believe.

The sad state of font rendering on Linux

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onts are vector data that gets rasterized when displayed to the user. Computer displays are low-DPI devices for complex reasons, and such DPI (96) is not enough to display fonts without a myriad of trade-offs. Most notable are sub-pixel rendering, sub-pixel positioning, font hinting and anti-aliasing. You can read up more here and here if you want the full background.

Each operating system approaches font rendering differently. To get Windows-like rendering that I prefer, anti-aliasing, sub-pixel rendering, sub-pixel positioning and font hinting based on byte code embedded into fonts – basically, every step of the technological progress made in the last 30 years – need to be active.

Better font rendering in linux

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If we’re not running a full blown desktop environment like GNOME, KDE or XFCE, the chances of getting good font rendering in a post Xorg installation after a default linux base (think of arch or voidlinux) install is zero. This guide serves as a list of todo items to get decent font rendering with these sort of installs.

The end game

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“The goal is justice, the method is transparency. It’s important not to confuse the goal and the method.”

—Julian Assange

…three innovations had already set WikiLeaks apart from other publishers: the use of encrypted dropboxes to protect the identity of sources, partnerships with established media organisations to add audience reach and institutional protection, and a preference for making whole archives public rather than curating a drip-feed. “You can’t publish a paper on physics without the full experimental data and results; that should be the standard in journalism,” argued Assange.

Diferencia entre logo, logotipo, isotipo, imagotipo, isologo

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Logo: A pesar de ser muy común suele ser el peor utilizado, la palabra logo viene del nombre logotipo, cuando decimos logo es para referirnos a toda plasmación de una marca. Los logotipos suelen ser puramente Tipográficos (fuentes) y representativos que pueden mostrar la verdadera identidad de una marca, ejemplo: Lego, Google, Coca-cola.

Isotipo: Un isotipo se refiere a la parte simbólica o icónica de la marca, un isotipo es cuando reconocemos la marca sin necesidad de que a esta la acompañe algún texto, con el fin de que las personas lo vean y este pueda ser entendido por sí mismo, ejemplo: McDonald’s, Niké, Dove.

Imagotipo:Es un ícono textual en el que texto y símbolo se encuentran claramente diferenciados, e incluso pueden funcionar separados, normalmente el ícono se implementa en la parte superior y la tipografía (texto) en la parte inferior. En algunos empaques de productos veremos símbolos o en otros veremos tipografía (texto), Ejemplo: Carrefour, Pepsi, La coste.

Difference Between PDF and PDF/ A

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There is also a different type of PDF known as PDF/A. PDF/A is a subset of PDF that is meant for archiving information. In order to preserve the information in the file and to ensure that the contents will still appear as it should even after a very long time of storage, PDF/A sets stricter standard than those used by PDF.

PDF/A is a special type of PDF meant for archiving documents
PDF/A does not allow audio, video, and executable content while PDF does
PDF/A requires that graphics and fonts be embedded into the file while PDF does not
PDF/A does not allow external references while PDF does
PDF/A does not allow encryption while PDF does