Running Bash commands in Python

To somewhat expand on the earlier answers here, there are a number of details which are commonly overlooked.

• Prefer subprocess.run() over subprocess.check_call() and friends over subprocess.call() over subprocess.Popen() over os.system() over os.popen()
• Understand and probably use text=True, aka universal_newlines=True.
• Understand the meaning of shell=True or shell=False and how it changes quoting and the availability of shell conveniences.
• Understand differences between sh and Bash
• Understand how a subprocess is separate from its parent, and generally cannot change the parent.
• Avoid running the Python interpreter as a subprocess of Python.